The Saving Lives at Birth program held its DevelopmentXChange event last week in Washington DC. The event was hosted by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and USAID Administrator Rajiv Shah and was sponsored by USAID, the Government of Norway, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Grand Challenges Canada, and The World Bank.

The program called for scholars, researchers, doctors, and entrepreneurs to develop innovative prevention and treatment approaches for pregnant women and newborns in rural, low resources setting around the time of birth. There were over 600 applications from around the world, and 77 finalists were chosen to attend this 3-day event held in Washington. At the end of the 3-day event, $14 million in grants were awarded to 25 of the 77 finalists.

The 77 ideas and projects fell into two categories: seed grant finalists and transition to scale finalists. The former were completely innovative and fresh ideas while the latter were already existing ideas that were calibrated to fit for maternal health purposes.

The projects and ideas highlighted gadgets, treatment schemes, prevention methods, health centers, strategic plans and a plethora of mobile phone related solutions. Finalists came from all over the United States and from over the world including Bangladesh, Kenya, India, Uganda, Pakistan, Switzerland and Australia.

Many of the ideas that had mobile solution components used mobile phones as an ICT. One innovative project was from Kenya called mAfya which aimed to set up health specific kiosks that would offer basic medical services for free for maternal health issues. There was another project from Kenya that aimed to provide pregnant mothers vouchers to use towards health services through mBanking called Changamka.

Among the awardees, one project from Save the Children provided a mobile phone monitoring system for recording maternal and neonatal deaths. This, along with an electricity-free fetal heart rate monitoring component aims to give communities in Uganda better intra-partum response services. Another project originated from Healthpoint services in India that has already set up rural health clinics and provides water, and is looking to expand its maternal health services using an integrated telemedicine and mHealth system.

Saving Lives at Birth, the first program in a series of Grand Challenges for Development led by USAID. The Grand Challenges is an attempt to bring science, technology and innovation to the field of development, lowering the cost of helping the world’s poor and, in the process, saving lives, said USAID administrator Shah.

“Especially in these very difficult economic times … coming up with more innovative, more local and sustainable ways to make it cheaper and easier to help mothers survive child birth and help children survive the first 48 hours of life is what this program is all about,” added Shah.

Maternal and child health issues still need a lot of attention. A woman dies every two minutes in childbirth, and 99% of the deaths are in the developing world, according to the World Health Organization. Also, about 1.6 million neonatal deaths occur each year around the world. Additionally noteworthy is that only a handful of countries are set to meet Millennium Development Goal 5 of reducing maternal mortality by 2/3 by 2015.

I have been blogging about ICT4D consistently for two months. This seems an opportune time to highlight my main thoughts on ICT4D, many of which are shared by others in the ICT4D space.

Here’s a list, feel free to add to it.

• Countries with clear ICT policies tend to do better
• ICT policies must be integrated within a broader national development plan
• Good infrastructure and an enabling regulatory framework are needed
• ICTs are merely tools, the potency of which is largely dependent on context and systemic domains
• ICTS are not within and of themselves an end
• There’s immense potential for economic growth, social cohesion, security, political stability, provision of education, healthcare, agricultural services etc
• Look elsewhere for development’s silver bullet—if it exists, you’re looking in the wrong direction
• Like development, technologies also have “side-effects” no matter the dosage.
• We know very little about the impact of ICTs on economic expansion
• Building and boosting capacity of a critical mass of people is integral (access and use are not synonymous!)
• Public-private partnerships will be crucial for the sustainability of most initiatives
• As most successful projects do, start small, take M&E seriously and scale up
• The slickest tech isn’t always the best option

The latter is perhaps the point that I have examined the least, over the last few weeks. But, I have consistently made the point that traditional ICTs, including radio, television sets and so on, should not be abandoned in favor of the latest tech. Context is everything! Connectivity woes, illiteracy and minimal access to the newest gadgets, among other things, demand that we think in terms of complementarity, cultural appropriateness and the financial constraints of proliferating some tools.

Finding ways to make better use of traditional ICTs like radio is important on two fronts. First, radio is the most potent tool to use for the dissemination of information globally—it’s ubiquitous, even in the most far-off and undeveloped parts of the world, due to its portability, reach and affordability. Second, this era of low cost mobile phones, MP3 players and so on offers new and exciting opportunities to use ‘radio’ and radio techniques innovative to improve livelihoods and enterprise.

Next week, I will review the findings of the African Farm Radio Research Initiative (AFRRI), an action research project—funded by the Gates Foundation—that assessed how radio can improve food security in Africa…

 

Many international development projects promote national Internet infrastructure with the assumption that increased connectivity will lead to economic growth which will in turn increase the quality of life for citizens in the recipient nations.  However, what is the measured impact of Internet penetration on economic growth?

• The World Bank
  • 10% increase in Internet penetration leads to a 1% increase in GDP
• ITU Broadband Commission
  • 10% increase in broadband penetration in China contributes to a 2.5% growth in GDP
  • 10% increase in broadband penetration in low and middle-income countries contributes to a 1.4% increase in economic growth
  • Access to broadband in Brazil has added approximately 1.4% to employment
  • Broadband will create 2 million jobs by 2015 in Europe
• Kenyan Economic Update
  • Person to person mobile money transfers equated to about 20% of national GDP, with about two-thirds of adults engaging in transfers
  • ICTs are responsible for 0.9% of the 3.7% annual economic growth in Kenya over the past ten years.  In other words, ICTs accounted for one-fourth of the GDP growth in Kenya the past decade.

In addition to these statistics, the Broadband Commission released the following table on the impact of broadband on employment:

Despite these promising statistics, there are critics of broadband’s correlation with economic growth.  Charles Kenny from the Center for Global Development recently attacked the World Bank’s claim that 10% increase in Internet penetration leads to a 1% increase in national GDP.  Kenny argued that the study was not peer-reviewed or ultimately published (both of these claims are correct).

Overall, however, studies on national economies and Internet penetration seem to demonstrate a positive correlation between the two.  Hopefully, the ITU’s Broadband Commission will be able to produce more definitive studies in the future, though given their political stance in favor of broadband adoption, it may be more difficult for the ITU to be objective.

 

Last Friday, GBI sponsored a Brown Bag lunch at USAID featuring Linda Raftree (@meowtree), Senior ICT4D Advisor at Plan International USA, to discuss her experiences on her digital participatory mapping project in Cameroon, lending insight on how the team got it off the ground.

Utilizing the mapping platform Open Street Map and crowd-sourcing tool Ushahidi, Raftree and Plan International’s Youth Empowerment through Technology, Arts and Media (YETAM) project, aims to reduce violence against children and increase youth participatory governance.

During her discussion last week, she referenced how digital community maps have replaced the need for paper-based diagrams since they can be shared or updated, to put rural areas like Ndop, Pitoa and Okola, “on the map”.

The more pragmatic purpose of being, “on the map,” Raftree alluded, is to see where infrastructure and services are being provided by local councils. Maps illustrate the uneven distribution of funding and services, and show what areas need more inclusion, holding governments to their development responsibilities.

To ensure local participation and encourage youth empowerment for the three principal components of her project—maps, video, and art—Raftree advised some of these following elements:

• Ask community leaders, and youth the information they want to put on the map. Raftree found that the youth wanted to know where all of the chieftain of the surrounding villages lived since traditionally greeting them first when arriving to a village is a respectful custom. What an international organization, or its stakeholders, want does necessarily line up with what the community needs or finds relevant.

• Hire local ICT experts.  She had found a local GIS expert named Ernest on Twitter and through Limbe Labs (now Activspaces). Without him, Raftree admitted, the project would not have been nearly as successful, or predicted to be as sustainable. Local ICT experts know the language, law of the land, and projects can be easily supported by them teaching others in the community how to maintain the mapping systems long after outside organizations leave.

• Engage decision makers.  There is usually a hierarchy within communities, so involving big players is imperative for successful deployment. Both to evade bribery—the team had youth carry around a letter signed by the local mayor stating it was okay for them to collect information—and to make leaders accountable for gaps in funding and services.

• Record it. The Cameroonian youth went around with video camcorders, and recorded interviews they had with leaders of certain institutions, and members of the community. For example, they went around to schools and interviewed the headmasters about what resources they had at the school, and with women on why they did not register their newborn children. The benefit of this is two-fold. They raised the headmaster’s awareness on for the importance of keeping data on key indicators of the school (numbers of students, benches, attendance, teachers), Raftree stated, while making politicians accountable to the imbalanced circulation of disbursement.

• Mix technology with non-technology. The art portion of the project, where the youth draw pictures of social issues existing within the community—such as alcoholism, drug use, and domestic violence—raised problems that were uncomfortable to record on film or talk about. Despite a lack of sound or words, art is still a powerful visual empowering the community to engage in a dialogue about taboo subjects.

The end result of all these steps in the 3 districts in Cameroon? Leaders acknowledged giving funds to central areas, and began to allow youth to take part budget meetings. The youth were given a voice in a place where they were never even part of the discussion.

Although Raftree covered a lot of problem areas that could have arisen in a community mapping project, she recognized that issues such as connectivity and ICT training, are still barriers to entry that need to be addressed for a project’s overall sustainability.

How about the next steps for the Plan International’s YETAM project in Cameroon?

Having youth continue to follow-up with database collection, making community councils accountable for their findings, and integrating information into Plan’s overall decision making.

 

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