At a keynote address at the mHealth Summit in Washington in November 2010, Bill Gates discussed the use of mobile phone technology for health programs. But he cautions “we have to approach these things with some humility … we have to hold ourselves to some pretty tough metrics to see if it’s really making a difference.”

AFP: Mobile technology can help improve global health: Gates.

The EU sponsored Technical Center for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation’s ICT update newsletter has a special issue on mobile apps featuring case studies from Africa.

Home – ICT Update, a current awareness bulletin for ACP agriculture.

Close up of hands holding a video games controller

One of today’s most pressing demographic and economic development challenges is the youth bulge throughout much of the world- in regions such as Middle East, more than 65% of the population is under the age of 30. Today’s youth are increasingly connected and utilize technology to do everything from earn income to go to school. Seeking to harness this natural consumer trend and engagement, USAID through GBI will support the development of a youth deployment gaming strategy. Creating a community of practice around serious social gaming as an outreach tool to youth, NetHope will support the deployment of a $1.45m serious game pilot in Jordan to test a theory of change around increasing behavior change through gaming.

Updates will be provided as they become available.

In recent years there has been explosive growth in the global subscription rate for mobile services.  However, estimates are that there remains a gap in coverage somewhere on the order of 1.0-1.5 billion potential subscribers.  There is likely in addition to a gap of another 1.0+billion that have coverage but is not affordable  Of these, the overwhelming proportion live in rural communities.  Several reasons account for this lack of connectivity;

  1. Economics—for the carriers, there is relatively low revenue compared to cost of delivery,
  2. Lower hanging fruit—for most carriers, there are simply more profitable markets,
  3. Universal service funds—often these are not in place or are not effective in addressing this urban-rural gap, and
  4. Lack of electricity—in many rural localities there is simply the lack of power.

Fortunately this situation is beginning to change, with the following dynamics making this rural expansion increasingly practical.

Smaller-Lower Cost Pico-Micro Solutions—most rural communities have an average population of less than 2,000, and equipment companies are just recently starting to deliver solutions that address this market

Lower Cost Backhaul Solutions—historically mobile backhauls have been proprietary—further adding to the delivery cost.  The shift now is to a pure IP backhaul.  And with this, edge switching is possible for keeping local calls local—a critical element when the backhaul is via satellite.  IP backhaul also provides a single convergent solution that delivers both voice and broadband to the rural communities.

Solar panel displayed at Mobile World Congress

Photo Credit: VNL

Solar Powered Solutions—many of these small rural solutions are capable of being powered by solar, both at the tower-base station, as well as for the mobile handsets.  This is an absolute requirement as the number of communities not connected to a national grid is very similar to those without mobile/broadband coverage.

MicroTelco Business Model—the emerging technical and business model needed to address the rural challenge is that of a massively parallel approach.  This requires a technology that can be installed and supported by non-technical staff.  It also requires an approach by the carrier that move primary support to the rural community–possibly through a local community operator under the license of a carrier.

While the industry is just now beginning to focus on this market, a number of firms are starting to deliver low cost rural mobile solutions.  There is considerable variance in these solutions, but some are beginning to get the monthly average revenue per unit (monthly ARPU) required for sustainability of voice services, down to the $3-5/month range.  The following reflect several:

VNL—VNL is a company from India that has introduced a WorldGSM product line and community business model

Altobridge—Altobridge is an Irish company with a unique set of technologies and business model

STM Group—The STM Group offers complete backhaul and local distribution through their SuperPico GSM products

Ubiquisys—Ubiquisys one of a growing number of Femtocell firms delivering rural low-cost rural solutions

Nokia Siemens Network—NSN’s Village Connection solutions deliver low Monthly ARPU solutions for rural settings

Alcatel-Lucent–Alcatel-Lucent has been making recent investments in their arena and are poised to introduce a new line of low-cost solutions suitable for rural areas within this new year (CY2011).

The above represent an exciting opportunity for ultimately eliminating the urban-rural divide.  The GBI program is actively researching and engaging the above firms, along with others, to better position these within the overall context of USAID’s focus on addressing the rural gap.

Inveneo CIO Mark Summer tunes the wireless network at the Nethope and Inveneo headquarters in Port-au-Prince Haiti.

Photo credit: Inveneo

Through an innovative partnership with the Clinton/Bush Haiti Fund, GBI is partnering with Inveneo and NetHope to connect all of Haiti. The grant supports the deployment of a nation-wide network so that before the end of 2011, connecting in Jacmel or Cap Haiten or Leogane will be an integral part Haiti’s reconstruction and development. GBI will also support monitoring and evaluation of the project’s point to point wireless model, to catalyze its deployment worldwide.

Group of attendees from Intel's Africa USF Conference

Photo credit: Eric White, Integra LLC

Universal Service Funds (USF) hold the promise of extended rural connectivity for millions throughout Africa, but governments often lack the technical capacity and know how to utilize these private enterprise models. Through GBI, USAID will work with private sector partners to further the use of USFs in sub-Saharan Africa, determining both the best practices and the barriers that inhibit successful performance. This project will build the host country’s capacity to deploy USFs, evaluate potential solutions and create a value chain of local ICT, ISP, and telecommunications partners who can harness the power of USFs to close the digital divide and fulfill the promise of rural connectivity.

Eric White, of the GBI team, gave a presentation to a gathering of USAID infrastructure specialists from missions around the world about the importance of investing in ICT infrastructure. He specifically highlighted the importance of wireless voice and broadband connectivity in meeting the US Government’s goals under the new “Feed the Future” program.

Food Security, Mr. White explained, can come either through improving domestic agricultural output and distribution or through improved cross-border trade facilitation.  He highlighted ways that ICT infrastructure improves both.  After pointing out that agricultural development is the flip side of rural economic growth Mr. White explained how numerous studies, at both the macro and micro level, have found a 10-1 relationship between expanding ICT coverage and GDP growth.  A 10% increase in ICT penetration is generally associated with a 1% increase in GDP growth rates.

Mr. White then explained how it is possible to work with private sector firms to expand ICT access to rural people in developing countries.  He pointed out the remarkable willingness-to-pay of even the very poor when it comes to communication.  Even people living on only a few dollars a day are willing to pay up to 10% of their income for access to communication.  Given that relatively large willingness-to-pay and a relatively low cost of capital it is in fact possible to reach every developing country resident with wireless technology through the smart use of targeted subsidies and investment in emerging low-cost technologies.

According to their website, Telecoms Sans Frontiers (TSF) has sent a team, Wednesday, to the Libyan border with Tunisia to provide telecommunications support to refugees escaping the violence.
The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) predicts a massive flood of population at the Libyan borders in the coming days. On Monday, Feb  21,  3,500 people went through the borders. By the following day, there were more than 10,000.
Tunisians have fled the country in hundreds, followed by several refugees from Egypt, Sudan, Iraq, Eritrea, Somalia, Chad and the Palestinian territories, and by the first Libyan civilians. Much of the foreign nationals have already left the country.
TSF uses mostly satellite equipment, including the Inmarsat BGan, the Mini M, and VSAT. More information on the technology used can be found here.
The following video explains their work:

One barrier to the use of all-important traditional ecological knowledge in the sustainable use and conservation of biodiversity is differing understanding of intellectual property.  Just as people from the western legal tradition often make the mistake of interpreting apparently untenured land as terra nullius and available for appropriation (a justification for land claims by colonial powers), so too, patent laws have been used to lay claim to private rights on what had previously been a public good – a US patent on turmeric as a medicine for example.  The differing approaches engender distrust, and impair cooperation on globally important issues.

I’m posting about this issue both as a cautionary tale about indigenous knowledge and informatics, and as one example of how ICT can be used to overcome barriers and promote cooperation.

A recent development aims to provide an interface between “source communities” and institutions that collect and manage data that can smooth the way towards the exchange and use of data.  Mukurtu is an open source community archive platform that allows indigenous communities to manage their information and tag it. It began as a project of the Warumungu Aborigional community in central Australia.  The platform is now being expanded to meet the needs of indigenous communities everywhere.  As the Mukurtu archive explains:

Mukurtu is the Warumungu word for ‘dilly bag.’ Warumungu elders used to keep sacred items in dilly bags to ensure that they were kept safe. The elders were responsible for the safe keeping of the items as well as the knowledge that accompanied those items. Elders taught younger generations and opened the dilly bag when it was proper.

The Mukurtu Wumpurrarni-kari Archive is a ‘safe keeping place.’ The archive uses the cultural protocols of the Warumungu people to arrange, sort, and present content. Any piece of content that is not marked “open” (and thus viewable by the general public) is tagged with a set of restrictions. For example, Warumungu men and women can not view the same ritual materials. So any item restricted to women only would not be viewable by a male member of the community.

Mukurtu is potentially hugely important in protecting the integrity of sacred indigenous knowledge, making it available in appropriate ways while tagging it, in a way roughly analogous to a Creative Commons license, so that it can’t as easily be misappropriated.  Mukurtu can help to improve ecoinformatics by making it more inclusive of cultural protocols.  It also has potential as a tool for participatory planning by indigenous communities – especially those in a race for cultural preservation, like many Pacific island communities.
BBC interviewed Mukurtu founder Kimberly Christen in a podcast available here:
The interview begins around the 7:45 mark.

Top 7 Reasons Why Most ICT4D Projects Fail (video) | e-Agriculture.

I’m sure that it is true that many ICT4D projects fail, as this sobering video alleges. To expect the majority to succeed, I would hasten to add, is unrealistic. Innovation in the use of technology demands a certain amount of failure in order that learning take place. In this sense failure is not necessarily bad. But for the most part, the examples given here have nothing to do with technology, and everything to do with the unrealistic expectations and naïveté of ICT4D proponents. Perhaps we should think of this as Development 101 for the tech crowd. I think that it should be required viewing.

Copyright © 2020 Integra Government Services International LLC